Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until	               USDL-23-1893
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, September 1, 2023

Technical information:
 Household data:      (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data:  (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                          THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- AUGUST 2023


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 187,000 in August, and the unemployment rate rose to
3.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued to trend up
in health care, leisure and hospitality, social assistance, and construction. Employment in
transportation and warehousing declined.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate rose by 0.3 percentage point to 3.8 percent in August, and the number of 
unemployed persons increased by 514,000 to 6.4 million. Both measures are little different from
a year earlier, when the unemployment rate was 3.7 percent and the number of unemployed persons
was 6.0 million. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.7 percent), Whites (3.4
percent), and Asians (3.1 percent) rose in August. The jobless rates for adult women (3.2 percent),
teenagers (12.2 percent), Blacks (5.3 percent), and Hispanics (4.9 percent) showed little change
over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs increased
by 294,000 to 2.9 million in August, offsetting a decrease of 280,000 in July. In August, the 
number of new entrants edged up to 597,000. (New entrants are unemployed persons with no previous
work experience.) (See table A-11.)

Both the number of persons unemployed less than 5 weeks, at 2.2 million, and the number of long-
term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.3 million, edged up in August. The 
long-term unemployed accounted for 20.3 percent of all unemployed persons. (See table A-12.)

In August, the labor force participation rate rose by 0.2 percentage point to 62.8 percent, after
being flat since March. The employment-population ratio was unchanged over the month at 60.4
percent. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.2 million, changed little in
August. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In August, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.4 million,
little changed from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they
were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to
take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force was little changed at 1.5 million in August. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over
the month at 386,000. (See Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 187,000 in August, less than the average monthly
gain of 271,000 over the prior 12 months. In August, employment continued to trend up in health
care, leisure and hospitality, social assistance, and construction. Employment in transportation 
and warehousing declined. (See table B-1.)

In August, health care added 71,000 jobs, following a gain of similar magnitude in the prior month.
Over the month, job growth continued in ambulatory health care services (+40,000), nursing and 
residential care facilities (+17,000), and hospitals (+15,000).

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in August (+40,000). The industry had
gained an average of 61,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. Employment in the industry
remains below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 290,000, or 1.7 percent.

Employment in social assistance increased by 26,000 in August, in line with the prior 12-month 
average gain (+22,000). Over the month, job growth continued in individual and family services
(+21,000).

Construction employment continued to trend up in August (+22,000), in line with the average monthly
gain over the prior 12 months (+17,000). Within the industry, employment continued to trend up over
the month in specialty trade contractors (+11,000) and in heavy and civil engineering construction
(+7,000).

Transportation and warehousing lost 34,000 jobs in August. Employment in truck transportation fell
sharply (-37,000), largely reflecting a business closure. Couriers and messengers lost 9,000 jobs,
while air transportation added 3,000 jobs. Employment in transportation and warehousing had shown
little net change over the prior 12 months. 

Employment in professional and business services changed little in August (+19,000) and has shown
essentially no net change since May. Professional, scientific, and technical services employment
continued to trend up over the month (+21,000). In contrast, employment in temporary help services
continued to trend down (-19,000) and has declined by 242,000 since its peak in March 2022.

Information employment changed little in August (-15,000). Within the industry, employment in 
motion picture and sound recording industries decreased by 17,000, reflecting strike activity. Job
losses continued in telecommunications (-4,000).

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; retail trade; financial
activities; other services; and government.
	
In August, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 8 cents,
or 0.2 percent, to $33.82. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.3
percent. In August, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory 
employees rose by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.00. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 34.4
hours in August. In manufacturing, the average workweek was 40.1 hours for the fifth month in a
row, and overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and 
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 33.8 hours. (See
tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for June was revised down by 80,000, from +185,000
to +105,000, and the change for July was revised down by 30,000, from +187,000 to +157,000. With
these revisions, employment in June and July combined is 110,000 lower than previously reported.
(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies
since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for September is scheduled to be released on
Friday, October 6, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Change from: July 2023- Aug. 2023
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	264,184	266,801	267,002	267,213	211
Civilian labor force	164,714	166,951	167,103	167,839	736
Participation rate	62.3	62.6	62.6	62.8	0.2
Employed	158,694	160,994	161,262	161,484	222
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.3	60.4	60.4	0.0
Unemployed	6,021	5,957	5,841	6,355	514
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	0.3
Not in labor force	99,469	99,850	99,899	99,374	-525
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	0.3
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.7	0.4
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2	0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	10.4	11.0	11.3	12.2	0.9
White	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.4	0.3
Black or African American	6.4	6.0	5.8	5.3	-0.5
Asian	2.8	3.2	2.3	3.1	0.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.9	0.5
Total, 25 years and over	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.0	0.2
Less than a high school diploma	6.1	6.0	5.2	5.4	0.2
High school graduates, no college	4.4	3.9	3.4	3.8	0.4
Some college or associate degree	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.0	-0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.2	0.2
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,693	2,900	2,620	2,914	294
Job leavers	897	794	852	801	-51
Reentrants	1,833	1,745	1,853	1,930	77
New entrants	451	558	503	597	94
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,227	2,068	2,004	2,221	217
5 to 14 weeks	1,797	1,889	1,698	1,877	179
15 to 26 weeks	887	917	997	1,002	5
27 weeks and over	1,165	1,105	1,164	1,296	132
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	4,140	4,191	4,000	4,221	221
Slack work or business conditions	2,767	2,890	2,717	2,799	82
Could only find part-time work	971	948	1,014	1,021	7
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,085	21,267	21,971	21,975	4
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,433	1,435	1,398	1,505	107
Discouraged workers	367	310	335	386	51
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	352	105	157	187
Total private	306	86	155	179
Goods-producing	37	32	14	36
Mining and logging	-2	-1	2	-2
Construction	8	29	16	22
Manufacturing	31	4	-4	16
Durable goods(1)	31	17	11	12
Motor vehicles and parts	12.2	4.2	2.4	-0.1
Nondurable goods	0	-13	-15	4
Private service-providing	269	54	141	143
Wholesale trade	13.2	-6.7	18.0	4.7
Retail trade	36.7	-22.7	13.2	6.3
Transportation and warehousing	8.5	-19.1	-10.0	-34.2
Utilities	1.3	0.8	-2.7	2.5
Information	8	-10	-15	-15
Financial activities	9	2	17	4
Professional and business services(1)	48	-1	-20	19
Temporary help services	0.1	-36.0	-23.9	-18.9
Private education and health services(1)	92	79	102	102
Health care and social assistance	78.1	85.9	99.6	97.3
Leisure and hospitality	48	26	32	40
Other services	4	6	7	13
Government	46	19	2	8
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	430	201	181	150
Total private	394	173	165	140
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.9
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.5	81.4	81.4	81.3
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.5	34.4	34.3	34.4
Average hourly earnings	$32.43	$33.60	$33.74	$33.82
Average weekly earnings	$1,118.84	$1,155.84	$1,157.28	$1,163.41
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	113.5	115.2	115.0	115.5
Over-the-month percent change	-0.1	0.3	-0.2	0.4
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	176.0	185.1	185.5	186.8
Over-the-month percent change	0.2	0.8	0.2	0.7
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	62.0	55.2	56.8	63.8
Manufacturing (72 industries)	53.5	53.5	47.9	55.6
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 666,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	264,184	267,002	267,213	264,184	266,443	266,618	266,801	267,002	267,213
Civilian labor force	164,971	168,354	168,049	164,714	166,688	166,818	166,951	167,103	167,839
Participation rate	62.4	63.1	62.9	62.3	62.6	62.6	62.6	62.6	62.8
Employed	158,714	161,982	161,427	158,694	161,031	160,721	160,994	161,262	161,484
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.7	60.4	60.1	60.4	60.3	60.3	60.4	60.4
Unemployed	6,256	6,372	6,623	6,021	5,657	6,097	5,957	5,841	6,355
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.4	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8
Not in labor force	99,213	98,649	99,164	99,469	99,755	99,800	99,850	99,899	99,374
Persons who currently want a job	5,633	5,578	5,482	5,534	5,271	5,477	5,389	5,247	5,370
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	128,722	130,507	130,608	128,722	130,234	130,319	130,408	130,507	130,608
Civilian labor force	87,649	89,647	89,299	87,366	88,686	88,704	88,836	88,695	89,082
Participation rate	68.1	68.7	68.4	67.9	68.1	68.1	68.1	68.0	68.2
Employed	84,504	86,417	85,838	84,081	85,611	85,410	85,547	85,492	85,493
Employment-population ratio	65.6	66.2	65.7	65.3	65.7	65.5	65.6	65.5	65.5
Unemployed	3,145	3,231	3,461	3,284	3,075	3,294	3,289	3,203	3,589
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.8	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.0
Not in labor force	41,072	40,859	41,310	41,356	41,548	41,616	41,572	41,811	41,527
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	120,058	121,735	121,832	120,058	121,488	121,565	121,646	121,735	121,832
Civilian labor force	84,180	86,062	85,868	84,192	85,439	85,487	85,774	85,739	85,934
Participation rate	70.1	70.7	70.5	70.1	70.3	70.3	70.5	70.4	70.5
Employed	81,401	83,320	82,865	81,263	82,661	82,526	82,868	82,922	82,777
Employment-population ratio	67.8	68.4	68.0	67.7	68.0	67.9	68.1	68.1	67.9
Unemployed	2,780	2,743	3,003	2,929	2,778	2,961	2,906	2,817	3,157
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.7
Not in labor force	35,878	35,673	35,964	35,867	36,049	36,078	35,871	35,997	35,898
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	135,462	136,496	136,605	135,462	136,209	136,299	136,393	136,496	136,605
Civilian labor force	77,321	78,706	78,750	77,349	78,002	78,114	78,115	78,408	78,757
Participation rate	57.1	57.7	57.6	57.1	57.3	57.3	57.3	57.4	57.7
Employed	74,210	75,565	75,589	74,613	75,420	75,311	75,448	75,769	75,991
Employment-population ratio	54.8	55.4	55.3	55.1	55.4	55.3	55.3	55.5	55.6
Unemployed	3,111	3,141	3,162	2,736	2,582	2,803	2,668	2,638	2,766
Unemployment rate	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.5
Not in labor force	58,141	57,790	57,854	58,113	58,207	58,185	58,277	58,088	57,847
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,034	128,028	128,132	127,034	127,761	127,845	127,932	128,028	128,132
Civilian labor force	73,850	74,856	75,305	74,098	74,868	75,005	74,927	75,205	75,541
Participation rate	58.1	58.5	58.8	58.3	58.6	58.7	58.6	58.7	59.0
Employed	71,067	72,120	72,515	71,676	72,575	72,518	72,567	72,877	73,121
Employment-population ratio	55.9	56.3	56.6	56.4	56.8	56.7	56.7	56.9	57.1
Unemployed	2,783	2,737	2,790	2,422	2,293	2,486	2,360	2,328	2,419
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2
Not in labor force	53,185	53,171	52,826	52,936	52,893	52,840	53,005	52,822	52,591
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,091	17,239	17,249	17,091	17,194	17,208	17,223	17,239	17,249
Civilian labor force	6,940	7,435	6,876	6,424	6,382	6,326	6,250	6,159	6,365
Participation rate	40.6	43.1	39.9	37.6	37.1	36.8	36.3	35.7	36.9
Employed	6,247	6,542	6,046	5,754	5,796	5,676	5,559	5,462	5,586
Employment-population ratio	36.5	38.0	35.1	33.7	33.7	33.0	32.3	31.7	32.4
Unemployed	694	893	830	670	586	650	691	696	779
Unemployment rate	10.0	12.0	12.1	10.4	9.2	10.3	11.0	11.3	12.2
Not in labor force	10,151	9,804	10,373	10,667	10,813	10,882	10,973	11,080	10,885
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	203,324	204,536	204,645	203,324	204,261	204,345	204,433	204,536	204,645
Civilian labor force	126,264	128,184	128,092	126,147	127,174	127,273	127,306	127,329	127,976
Participation rate	62.1	62.7	62.6	62.0	62.3	62.3	62.3	62.3	62.5
Employed	122,115	123,917	123,531	122,125	123,224	123,112	123,389	123,393	123,571
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.6	60.4	60.1	60.3	60.2	60.4	60.3	60.4
Unemployed	4,148	4,267	4,561	4,022	3,950	4,161	3,917	3,936	4,405
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.3	3.6	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.4
Not in labor force	77,061	76,352	76,553	77,177	77,087	77,072	77,127	77,207	76,669
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,545	66,599	66,480	65,616	66,299	66,433	66,543	66,414	66,565
Participation rate	69.9	70.3	70.2	69.9	70.1	70.2	70.3	70.2	70.3
Employed	63,660	64,674	64,374	63,592	64,363	64,343	64,545	64,423	64,324
Employment-population ratio	67.9	68.3	68.0	67.8	68.1	68.0	68.2	68.0	67.9
Unemployed	1,885	1,925	2,106	2,024	1,936	2,089	1,998	1,991	2,241
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.9	3.2	3.1	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,399	55,899	56,243	55,625	55,882	55,950	55,994	56,188	56,451
Participation rate	57.1	57.4	57.7	57.3	57.5	57.5	57.6	57.7	58.0
Employed	53,608	54,099	54,361	54,087	54,304	54,323	54,536	54,690	54,826
Employment-population ratio	55.3	55.6	55.8	55.7	55.9	55.9	56.1	56.2	56.3
Unemployed	1,791	1,800	1,882	1,538	1,578	1,627	1,458	1,498	1,625
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.2	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	5,320	5,686	5,369	4,907	4,993	4,890	4,769	4,727	4,960
Participation rate	42.6	45.4	42.9	39.3	39.9	39.1	38.1	37.8	39.6
Employed	4,848	5,145	4,796	4,446	4,557	4,445	4,308	4,281	4,421
Employment-population ratio	38.8	41.1	38.3	35.6	36.4	35.5	34.4	34.2	35.3
Unemployed	472	542	573	460	436	445	461	447	539
Unemployment rate	8.9	9.5	10.7	9.4	8.7	9.1	9.7	9.5	10.9
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,171	34,678	34,714	34,171	34,583	34,613	34,644	34,678	34,714
Civilian labor force	21,259	21,993	21,837	21,129	21,790	21,874	21,695	21,751	21,746
Participation rate	62.2	63.4	62.9	61.8	63.0	63.2	62.6	62.7	62.6
Employed	19,824	20,596	20,613	19,785	20,766	20,641	20,402	20,496	20,596
Employment-population ratio	58.0	59.4	59.4	57.9	60.0	59.6	58.9	59.1	59.3
Unemployed	1,436	1,396	1,224	1,344	1,025	1,234	1,292	1,255	1,150
Unemployment rate	6.8	6.3	5.6	6.4	4.7	5.6	6.0	5.8	5.3
Not in labor force	12,912	12,686	12,878	13,042	12,793	12,738	12,949	12,927	12,969
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,777	10,197	10,182	9,714	10,005	10,084	10,053	10,114	10,131
Participation rate	67.3	68.9	68.7	66.9	67.8	68.2	68.0	68.3	68.4
Employed	9,199	9,656	9,678	9,133	9,556	9,519	9,465	9,576	9,620
Employment-population ratio	63.3	65.2	65.3	62.9	64.7	64.4	64.0	64.7	64.9
Unemployed	578	542	504	582	449	565	588	538	511
Unemployment rate	5.9	5.3	5.0	6.0	4.5	5.6	5.9	5.3	5.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,654	10,905	10,859	10,640	11,054	11,051	10,886	10,922	10,872
Participation rate	62.1	62.9	62.6	62.0	63.9	63.9	62.9	63.0	62.7
Employed	9,947	10,265	10,277	10,017	10,573	10,469	10,300	10,353	10,359
Employment-population ratio	58.0	59.2	59.2	58.4	61.1	60.5	59.5	59.7	59.7
Unemployed	707	640	582	624	481	582	586	569	514
Unemployment rate	6.6	5.9	5.4	5.9	4.4	5.3	5.4	5.2	4.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	829	890	796	774	732	740	756	715	742
Participation rate	33.3	35.1	31.3	31.2	29.0	29.2	29.8	28.2	29.2
Employed	678	676	658	635	637	653	638	568	617
Employment-population ratio	27.3	26.6	25.9	25.6	25.2	25.8	25.1	22.3	24.3
Unemployed	151	215	138	139	95	87	118	148	125
Unemployment rate	18.2	24.1	17.3	18.0	12.9	11.7	15.6	20.7	16.9
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,989	17,600	17,515	16,989	17,557	17,511	17,491	17,600	17,515
Civilian labor force	11,166	11,636	11,552	11,084	11,396	11,408	11,435	11,556	11,486
Participation rate	65.7	66.1	66.0	65.2	64.9	65.1	65.4	65.7	65.6
Employed	10,841	11,343	11,176	10,778	11,073	11,073	11,073	11,288	11,131
Employment-population ratio	63.8	64.4	63.8	63.4	63.1	63.2	63.3	64.1	63.6
Unemployed	326	294	376	305	323	335	363	267	355
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.5	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.9	3.2	2.3	3.1
Not in labor force	5,823	5,964	5,963	5,906	6,162	6,104	6,056	6,044	6,029
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,287	47,569	47,671	46,287	47,288	47,380	47,473	47,569	47,671
Civilian labor force	30,920	32,116	31,960	30,920	31,589	31,690	31,943	32,052	31,977
Participation rate	66.8	67.5	67.0	66.8	66.8	66.9	67.3	67.4	67.1
Employed	29,498	30,668	30,382	29,526	30,185	30,407	30,571	30,637	30,420
Employment-population ratio	63.7	64.5	63.7	63.8	63.8	64.2	64.4	64.4	63.8
Unemployed	1,422	1,448	1,578	1,395	1,404	1,283	1,372	1,416	1,557
Unemployment rate	4.6	4.5	4.9	4.5	4.4	4.0	4.3	4.4	4.9
Not in labor force	15,367	15,453	15,711	15,367	15,699	15,690	15,530	15,517	15,694
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	16,651	17,271	17,170	16,633	16,956	17,123	17,224	17,290	17,164
Participation rate	79.4	79.9	79.3	79.3	78.9	79.5	79.8	80.0	79.2
Employed	15,998	16,660	16,465	15,967	16,260	16,434	16,576	16,599	16,433
Employment-population ratio	76.3	77.1	76.0	76.1	75.7	76.3	76.8	76.8	75.9
Unemployed	653	611	706	666	696	690	649	691	731
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.5	4.1	4.0	4.1	4.0	3.8	4.0	4.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	12,746	13,179	13,279	12,807	13,111	13,150	13,182	13,271	13,343
Participation rate	60.6	61.1	61.5	60.9	61.2	61.2	61.3	61.6	61.8
Employed	12,177	12,617	12,663	12,260	12,576	12,700	12,638	12,745	12,752
Employment-population ratio	57.9	58.5	58.6	58.3	58.7	59.1	58.7	59.1	59.0
Unemployed	569	562	616	546	534	450	544	525	591
Unemployment rate	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.3	4.1	3.4	4.1	4.0	4.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,524	1,667	1,510	1,481	1,522	1,417	1,537	1,492	1,470
Participation rate	35.6	37.9	34.3	34.6	34.9	32.4	35.0	33.9	33.4
Employed	1,323	1,391	1,254	1,299	1,349	1,273	1,357	1,292	1,236
Employment-population ratio	30.9	31.6	28.5	30.3	30.9	29.1	31.0	29.4	28.0
Unemployed	201	276	257	182	174	144	180	200	235
Unemployment rate	13.2	16.5	17.0	12.3	11.4	10.1	11.7	13.4	16.0
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	8,623	8,741	9,210	8,654	9,082	9,140	9,184	8,926	9,239
Participation rate	45.2	46.7	47.4	45.4	46.3	45.7	46.6	47.7	47.6
Employed	8,153	8,303	8,774	8,124	8,595	8,621	8,632	8,459	8,743
Employment-population ratio	42.8	44.3	45.2	42.6	43.8	43.1	43.8	45.2	45.0
Unemployed	469	438	436	530	487	519	552	467	496
Unemployment rate	5.4	5.0	4.7	6.1	5.4	5.7	6.0	5.2	5.4
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,903	35,766	36,349	35,819	35,752	36,022	36,038	35,980	36,243
Participation rate	56.6	56.2	56.7	56.4	56.4	56.8	57.0	56.5	56.5
Employed	34,354	34,572	34,957	34,259	34,345	34,611	34,638	34,763	34,851
Employment-population ratio	54.1	54.3	54.5	54.0	54.2	54.6	54.7	54.6	54.4
Unemployed	1,549	1,193	1,392	1,560	1,407	1,411	1,400	1,217	1,391
Unemployment rate	4.3	3.3	3.8	4.4	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.4	3.8
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,262	35,640	35,560	35,606	35,668	35,407	35,564	35,730	35,867
Participation rate	62.4	62.6	62.7	63.0	63.0	63.1	62.5	62.7	63.3
Employed	34,147	34,452	34,393	34,559	34,650	34,273	34,472	34,612	34,780
Employment-population ratio	60.5	60.5	60.7	61.2	61.2	61.1	60.5	60.7	61.4
Unemployed	1,115	1,188	1,167	1,046	1,018	1,134	1,092	1,118	1,087
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.3	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.0
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	63,343	64,525	64,112	63,609	64,077	64,201	64,274	64,817	64,398
Participation rate	72.6	73.1	73.2	72.9	73.3	73.1	73.4	73.4	73.5
Employed	61,949	63,032	62,469	62,426	62,835	62,879	63,010	63,522	62,986
Employment-population ratio	71.0	71.4	71.3	71.6	71.8	71.6	72.0	71.9	71.9
Unemployed	1,394	1,494	1,643	1,183	1,241	1,322	1,264	1,295	1,412
Unemployment rate	2.2	2.3	2.6	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.2
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,336	17,879	16,306	15,836	2,030	2,043
Civilian labor force	8,745	8,680	7,530	7,542	1,214	1,138
Participation rate	47.7	48.5	46.2	47.6	59.8	55.7
Employed	8,538	8,371	7,355	7,291	1,182	1,080
Employment-population ratio	46.6	46.8	45.1	46.0	58.2	52.8
Unemployed	207	309	175	251	32	58
Unemployment rate	2.4	3.6	2.3	3.3	2.6	5.1
Not in labor force	9,591	9,199	8,776	8,294	816	905
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,921	5,012	4,045	4,088	875	924
Civilian labor force	3,863	3,983	3,210	3,337	652	647
Participation rate	78.5	79.5	79.4	81.6	74.5	70.0
Employed	3,791	3,810	3,151	3,202	639	608
Employment-population ratio	77.0	76.0	77.9	78.3	73.0	65.8
Unemployed	72	173	59	135	13	39
Unemployment rate	1.9	4.3	1.8	4.0	2.0	6.0
Not in labor force	1,058	1,029	835	751	223	277
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,236	3,006	2,738	2,558	499	448
Civilian labor force	2,295	2,173	1,973	1,863	322	310
Participation rate	70.9	72.3	72.1	72.8	64.5	69.3
Employed	2,248	2,126	1,933	1,827	315	299
Employment-population ratio	69.5	70.7	70.6	71.4	63.2	66.8
Unemployed	47	47	40	36	7	11
Unemployment rate	2.0	2.2	2.0	1.9	2.0	3.6
Not in labor force	941	833	765	695	177	138
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,202	5,941	5,955	5,689	247	252
Civilian labor force	901	833	843	815	58	18
Participation rate	14.5	14.0	14.2	14.3	23.5	7.3
Employed	857	806	799	788	58	18
Employment-population ratio	13.8	13.6	13.4	13.9	23.5	7.3
Unemployed	44	27	44	27	0	0
Unemployment rate	4.9	3.2	5.3	3.3	-	-
Not in labor force	5,301	5,108	5,112	4,874	189	234
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,977	3,920	3,568	3,501	409	419
Civilian labor force	1,686	1,690	1,504	1,528	182	162
Participation rate	42.4	43.1	42.2	43.6	44.5	38.8
Employed	1,642	1,629	1,472	1,475	170	154
Employment-population ratio	41.3	41.6	41.3	42.1	41.5	36.8
Unemployed	44	62	32	53	12	8
Unemployment rate	2.6	3.6	2.1	3.5	6.8	5.1
Not in labor force	2,291	2,230	2,064	1,973	227	257
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	236,620	240,285	107,727	110,139	128,893	130,146
Civilian labor force	153,429	156,713	78,796	80,461	74,634	76,252
Participation rate	64.8	65.2	73.1	73.1	57.9	58.6
Employed	147,631	150,694	75,961	77,389	71,670	73,305
Employment-population ratio	62.4	62.7	70.5	70.3	55.6	56.3
Unemployed	5,799	6,019	2,835	3,072	2,963	2,947
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.8	4.0	3.9
Not in labor force	83,190	83,572	28,931	29,677	54,260	53,894
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,316	34,059	231,868	233,154
Civilian labor force	7,283	8,477	157,687	159,573
Participation rate	22.5	24.9	68.0	68.4
Employed	6,721	7,849	151,993	153,578
Employment-population ratio	20.8	23.0	65.6	65.9
Unemployed	562	627	5,694	5,995
Unemployment rate	7.7	7.4	3.6	3.8
Not in labor force	25,033	25,582	74,180	73,582
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,962	3,563	78,559	79,618
Participation rate	37.5	42.0	82.8	83.3
Employed	2,725	3,276	75,850	76,659
Employment-population ratio	34.5	38.6	80.0	80.2
Unemployed	237	287	2,708	2,959
Unemployment rate	8.0	8.0	3.4	3.7
Not in labor force	4,944	4,914	16,293	15,997
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,101	3,528	69,489	70,078
Participation rate	37.8	40.4	72.2	73.1
Employed	2,858	3,257	66,773	67,402
Employment-population ratio	34.8	37.3	69.4	70.3
Unemployed	243	271	2,716	2,676
Unemployment rate	7.8	7.7	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	5,107	5,210	26,744	25,840
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,220	1,386	9,640	9,876
Participation rate	7.5	8.2	23.6	23.7
Employed	1,138	1,317	9,370	9,516
Employment-population ratio	7.0	7.8	23.0	22.9
Unemployed	82	70	269	360
Unemployment rate	6.7	5.0	2.8	3.6
Not in labor force	14,982	15,458	31,143	31,744
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	44,860	46,818	21,778	22,854	23,082	23,964
Civilian labor force	29,817	31,567	17,034	17,972	12,783	13,595
Participation rate	66.5	67.4	78.2	78.6	55.4	56.7
Employed	28,654	30,396	16,438	17,380	12,216	13,015
Employment-population ratio	63.9	64.9	75.5	76.0	52.9	54.3
Unemployed	1,163	1,171	596	591	567	580
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.7	3.5	3.3	4.4	4.3
Not in labor force	15,043	15,251	4,744	4,883	10,299	10,369
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	219,324	220,395	106,944	107,754	112,380	112,641
Civilian labor force	135,153	136,482	70,616	71,327	64,538	65,155
Participation rate	61.6	61.9	66.0	66.2	57.4	57.8
Employed	130,060	131,031	68,066	68,458	61,994	62,573
Employment-population ratio	59.3	59.5	63.6	63.5	55.2	55.6
Unemployed	5,093	5,452	2,549	2,870	2,544	2,582
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.0	3.6	4.0	3.9	4.0
Not in labor force	84,170	83,913	36,328	36,427	47,842	47,486
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,207	2,392	2,326	2,173	2,301	2,301	2,311	2,261	2,296
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,503	1,633	1,582	1,486	1,536	1,569	1,591	1,519	1,559
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	671	719	717	648	715	672	674	688	695
Unpaid family workers	32	40	27	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	156,507	159,590	159,101	156,699	158,639	158,416	158,853	159,099	159,321
Wage and salary workers(1)	147,362	150,596	150,171	147,381	149,383	149,512	149,632	149,974	150,217
Government	20,744	20,293	20,684	21,216	21,678	21,434	21,552	21,161	21,199
Private industries	126,618	130,303	129,487	126,048	127,655	128,050	128,110	128,778	128,891
Private households	777	689	681	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	125,840	129,614	128,807	125,357	126,942	127,337	127,470	128,166	128,282
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,081	8,930	8,886	8,992	9,100	8,731	8,917	8,814	8,809
Unpaid family workers	64	63	44	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,060	4,158	4,143	4,140	3,903	3,739	4,191	4,000	4,221
Slack work or business conditions	2,673	2,743	2,712	2,767	2,760	2,582	2,890	2,717	2,799
Could only find part-time work	932	1,078	1,003	971	817	824	948	1,014	1,021
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	19,618	20,648	20,506	21,085	21,796	21,864	21,267	21,971	21,975
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,996	4,082	4,084	4,063	3,841	3,725	4,095	3,913	4,110
Slack work or business conditions	2,630	2,693	2,670	2,724	2,715	2,566	2,835	2,657	2,757
Could only find part-time work	914	1,073	999	958	807	821	943	1,012	1,021
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	19,333	20,202	20,084	20,754	21,400	21,496	20,913	21,539	21,522
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	158,714	161,982	161,427	158,694	161,031	160,721	160,994	161,262	161,484
16 to 19 years	6,247	6,542	6,046	5,754	5,796	5,676	5,559	5,462	5,586
16 to 17 years	2,546	2,539	2,362	2,257	2,209	2,240	2,177	2,083	2,098
18 to 19 years	3,701	4,003	3,684	3,483	3,594	3,450	3,372	3,353	3,461
20 years and over	152,468	155,439	155,381	152,939	155,236	155,045	155,435	155,799	155,898
20 to 24 years	13,864	15,080	14,787	13,668	14,843	14,816	14,741	14,559	14,606
25 years and over	138,604	140,359	140,593	139,231	140,452	140,314	140,612	141,160	141,194
25 to 54 years	101,645	102,940	103,133	102,028	103,220	103,209	103,384	103,539	103,531
25 to 34 years	35,362	35,997	35,810	35,509	35,866	35,814	35,755	36,168	35,974
35 to 44 years	34,592	35,173	35,375	34,689	35,285	35,257	35,391	35,379	35,478
45 to 54 years	31,691	31,771	31,948	31,830	32,069	32,138	32,238	31,992	32,080
55 years and over	36,959	37,418	37,461	37,204	37,232	37,105	37,228	37,620	37,663
Men, 16 years and over	84,504	86,417	85,838	84,081	85,611	85,410	85,547	85,492	85,493
16 to 19 years	3,103	3,097	2,973	2,818	2,951	2,884	2,679	2,570	2,716
16 to 17 years	1,188	1,167	1,158	1,037	1,079	1,043	972	943	1,009
18 to 19 years	1,915	1,930	1,815	1,760	1,878	1,844	1,695	1,606	1,668
20 years and over	81,401	83,320	82,865	81,263	82,661	82,526	82,868	82,922	82,777
20 to 24 years	7,096	7,789	7,530	6,912	7,491	7,509	7,541	7,435	7,369
25 years and over	74,305	75,531	75,335	74,252	75,207	75,088	75,233	75,462	75,297
25 to 54 years	54,246	55,437	55,335	54,199	55,184	55,174	55,263	55,358	55,300
25 to 34 years	18,731	19,365	19,198	18,735	19,134	19,145	19,130	19,338	19,215
35 to 44 years	18,700	19,155	19,097	18,647	18,997	18,998	19,143	19,103	19,053
45 to 54 years	16,816	16,918	17,040	16,817	17,053	17,031	16,990	16,917	17,032
55 years and over	20,059	20,094	20,000	20,053	20,023	19,914	19,971	20,104	19,997
Women, 16 years and over	74,210	75,565	75,589	74,613	75,420	75,311	75,448	75,769	75,991
16 to 19 years	3,143	3,445	3,073	2,936	2,845	2,793	2,880	2,892	2,870
16 to 17 years	1,358	1,372	1,204	1,221	1,130	1,196	1,205	1,140	1,089
18 to 19 years	1,786	2,073	1,869	1,723	1,716	1,606	1,677	1,746	1,793
20 years and over	71,067	72,120	72,515	71,676	72,575	72,518	72,567	72,877	73,121
20 to 24 years	6,768	7,291	7,257	6,756	7,353	7,307	7,201	7,125	7,237
25 years and over	64,299	64,828	65,258	64,979	65,245	65,226	65,378	65,697	65,897
25 to 54 years	47,399	47,504	47,797	47,828	48,036	48,035	48,121	48,181	48,232
25 to 34 years	16,631	16,632	16,611	16,773	16,732	16,669	16,625	16,830	16,759
35 to 44 years	15,892	16,018	16,279	16,042	16,288	16,259	16,248	16,276	16,425
45 to 54 years	14,876	14,853	14,908	15,013	15,016	15,107	15,248	15,075	15,048
55 years and over	16,900	17,325	17,461	17,151	17,209	17,191	17,258	17,516	17,665
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,365	45,587	45,754	45,488	46,124	45,647	45,844	45,886	45,911
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,249	36,768	36,930	36,778	37,140	36,964	36,847	37,413	37,430
Women who maintain families(2)	9,918	9,869	9,719	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	133,630	135,494	135,445	132,336	134,500	134,477	134,859	134,274	134,189
Part-time workers(4)	25,085	26,488	25,982	26,250	26,663	26,443	26,181	27,153	27,185
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,485	8,091	7,778	7,747	7,707	7,762	7,995	8,113	8,028
Percent of total employed	4.7	5.0	4.8	4.9	4.8	4.8	5.0	5.0	5.0
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,672	7,158	6,989	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,752	9,649	9,603	9,640	9,815	9,403	9,591	9,502	9,504
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	6,021	5,841	6,355	3.7	3.4	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8
16 to 19 years	670	696	779	10.4	9.2	10.3	11.0	11.3	12.2
16 to 17 years	243	262	280	9.7	9.4	9.5	11.2	11.2	11.8
18 to 19 years	428	432	506	10.9	9.4	10.6	10.5	11.4	12.7
20 years and over	5,351	5,145	5,576	3.4	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.5
20 to 24 years	1,022	1,046	1,125	7.0	5.4	6.3	6.1	6.7	7.2
25 years and over	4,299	4,079	4,395	3.0	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.0
25 to 54 years	3,283	3,181	3,353	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1
25 to 34 years	1,391	1,333	1,446	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.6	3.9
35 to 44 years	1,029	1,093	1,085	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0
45 to 54 years	863	754	822	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.3	2.5
55 years and over	1,018	881	1,036	2.7	2.3	2.8	2.6	2.3	2.7
Men, 16 years and over	3,284	3,203	3,589	3.8	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.0
16 to 19 years	356	386	432	11.2	9.1	10.4	12.5	13.0	13.7
16 to 17 years	135	144	138	11.5	8.6	8.0	14.1	13.2	12.0
18 to 19 years	223	238	302	11.2	10.1	11.5	10.5	12.9	15.3
20 years and over	2,929	2,817	3,157	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.7
20 to 24 years	609	573	677	8.1	6.0	7.1	6.7	7.2	8.4
25 years and over	2,294	2,223	2,422	3.0	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.1
25 to 54 years	1,740	1,775	1,842	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2
25 to 34 years	720	760	776	3.7	4.0	3.7	4.0	3.8	3.9
35 to 44 years	567	554	587	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.5	2.8	3.0
45 to 54 years	453	460	479	2.6	2.4	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.7
55 years and over	554	449	580	2.7	2.3	2.9	3.0	2.2	2.8
Women, 16 years and over	2,736	2,638	2,766	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.5
16 to 19 years	314	310	347	9.7	9.2	10.2	9.7	9.7	10.8
16 to 17 years	108	118	143	8.1	10.2	10.7	8.7	9.4	11.6
18 to 19 years	205	194	204	10.6	8.7	9.5	10.4	10.0	10.2
20 years and over	2,422	2,328	2,419	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2
20 to 24 years	414	473	448	5.8	4.7	5.4	5.3	6.2	5.8
25 years and over	2,005	1,856	1,973	3.0	2.8	3.1	3.0	2.7	2.9
25 to 54 years	1,543	1,406	1,511	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.2	2.8	3.0
25 to 34 years	671	573	670	3.8	3.5	4.0	3.9	3.3	3.8
35 to 44 years	462	540	498	2.8	3.0	3.1	3.5	3.2	2.9
45 to 54 years	411	293	343	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.3	1.9	2.2
55 years and over	450	408	449	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.1	2.3	2.5
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	932	803	942	2.0	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.7	2.0
Married women, spouse present(1)	795	782	794	2.1	2.0	2.3	2.2	2.0	2.1
Women who maintain families(2)	533	466	499	5.1	4.8	4.6	4.8	4.5	4.9
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	4,948	4,702	5,129	3.6	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.7
Part-time workers(4)	1,113	1,150	1,258	4.1	3.6	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.4
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,871	2,801	3,053	2,693	2,642	2,960	2,900	2,620	2,914
On temporary layoff	866	873	870	796	709	767	842	667	789
Not on temporary layoff	2,005	1,928	2,183	1,898	1,933	2,193	2,058	1,953	2,125
Permanent job losers	1,427	1,381	1,600	1,314	1,445	1,588	1,493	1,372	1,538
Persons who completed temporary jobs	578	547	583	584	488	605	565	581	587
Job leavers	983	891	876	897	790	765	794	852	801
Reentrants	1,891	1,989	2,014	1,833	1,761	1,821	1,745	1,853	1,930
New entrants	511	691	680	451	531	508	558	503	597
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	45.9	44.0	46.1	45.8	46.2	48.9	48.4	44.9	46.7
On temporary layoff	13.8	13.7	13.1	13.5	12.4	12.7	14.0	11.4	12.6
Not on temporary layoff	32.0	30.3	33.0	32.3	33.8	36.2	34.3	33.5	34.0
Job leavers	15.7	14.0	13.2	15.3	13.8	12.6	13.2	14.6	12.8
Reentrants	30.2	31.2	30.4	31.2	30.8	30.1	29.1	31.8	30.9
New entrants	8.2	10.8	10.3	7.7	9.3	8.4	9.3	8.6	9.6
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7
Job leavers	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.2
New entrants	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,162	2,283	2,173	2,227	1,866	2,083	2,068	2,004	2,221
5 to 14 weeks	2,175	2,048	2,280	1,797	1,915	1,865	1,889	1,698	1,877
15 weeks and over	1,919	2,041	2,171	2,052	1,835	2,046	2,021	2,161	2,298
15 to 26 weeks	683	820	796	887	679	858	917	997	1,002
27 weeks and over	1,236	1,221	1,374	1,165	1,156	1,188	1,105	1,164	1,296
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	22.1	19.6	20.2	22.3	20.9	21.2	20.7	20.6	20.4
Median duration, in weeks	8.6	8.1	8.8	8.6	8.4	8.6	8.7	8.7	8.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	34.6	35.8	32.8	36.6	33.2	34.8	34.6	34.2	34.7
5 to 14 weeks	34.8	32.1	34.4	29.6	34.1	31.1	31.6	29.0	29.3
15 weeks and over	30.7	32.0	32.8	33.8	32.7	34.1	33.8	36.9	35.9
15 to 26 weeks	10.9	12.9	12.0	14.6	12.1	14.3	15.3	17.0	15.7
27 weeks and over	19.8	19.2	20.7	19.2	20.6	19.8	18.5	19.9	20.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023
Total, 16 years and over(1)	158,714	161,427	6,256	6,623	3.8	3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations	68,377	69,280	1,647	1,712	2.4	2.4
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	30,109	30,458	533	649	1.7	2.1
Professional and related occupations	38,268	38,822	1,113	1,063	2.8	2.7
Service occupations	25,675	26,646	1,331	1,344	4.9	4.8
Sales and office occupations	29,998	30,408	1,133	1,243	3.6	3.9
Sales and related occupations	14,112	14,286	585	580	4.0	3.9
Office and administrative support occupations	15,886	16,122	549	663	3.3	3.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,226	14,606	602	581	4.1	3.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,037	1,074	84	76	7.5	6.6
Construction and extraction occupations	8,312	8,530	430	413	4.9	4.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,877	5,002	88	92	1.8	1.8
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	20,438	20,486	1,014	1,024	4.7	4.8
Production occupations	8,486	8,526	367	282	4.1	3.2
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,952	11,960	646	742	5.1	5.8
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023
Total, 16 years and over(1)	6,256	6,623	3.8	3.9
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,786	4,938	3.6	3.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	16	16	2.6	2.5
Construction	401	424	3.9	3.9
Manufacturing	515	433	3.3	2.7
Durable goods	278	264	2.8	2.6
Nondurable goods	237	169	4.1	3.0
Wholesale and retail trade	724	766	3.7	3.8
Transportation and utilities	349	370	4.3	4.4
Information	84	106	3.2	4.1
Financial activities	181	224	1.8	2.2
Professional and business services	688	729	3.5	3.7
Education and health services	760	822	3.1	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	839	817	6.1	5.8
Other services	231	232	3.3	3.5
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	105	93	6.7	5.8
Government workers	591	599	2.8	2.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	263	313	2.6	3.1
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.4
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.4	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.6	3.9	3.7	3.7	4.0
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.6	4.6	4.8	4.5	4.2	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.6
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	7.0	7.1	7.2	7.0	6.6	6.7	6.9	6.7	7.1
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023	Aug. 2022	Aug. 2023
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,213	99,164	41,072	41,310	58,141	57,854
Persons who currently want a job	5,633	5,482	2,572	2,480	3,061	3,002
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,412	1,500	757	732	655	768
Discouraged workers(2)	337	364	209	247	128	117
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,074	1,136	548	485	526	652
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,485	7,778	3,709	3,691	3,776	4,087
Percent of total employed	4.7	4.8	4.4	4.3	5.1	5.4
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,237	4,582	2,307	2,372	1,930	2,210
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,573	1,868	515	657	1,057	1,211
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	440	367	255	202	186	164
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,157	859	595	431	562	427
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Change from: July2023 - Aug.2023(p)
Total nonfarm	153,285	156,905	156,034	156,302	153,332	156,075	156,232	156,419	187
Total private	131,870	134,351	134,479	134,499	131,101	133,427	133,582	133,761	179
Goods-producing	21,573	21,847	21,879	21,911	21,283	21,582	21,596	21,632	36
Mining and logging	619	648	652	650	611	642	644	642	-2
Logging	47.1	46.0	48.4	47.8	45.6	46.2	47.2	46.3	-0.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	572.1	601.9	603.8	602.4	565.0	595.5	596.6	596.1	-0.5
Oil and gas extraction	116.6	118.4	119.2	119.8	115.6	118.1	118.3	118.7	0.4
Mining (except oil and gas)	187.3	190.6	191.7	190.0	183.5	186.9	187.6	186.5	-1.1
Coal mining	40.6	41.7	42.0	41.3	40.6	41.5	41.8	41.3	-0.5
Metal ore mining	43.4	44.2	44.3	44.3	43.0	43.7	43.8	44.0	0.2
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	103.3	104.7	105.4	104.4	99.9	101.7	102.0	101.2	-0.8
Support activities for mining	268.2	292.9	292.9	292.6	265.9	290.5	290.7	290.9	0.2
Construction	7,992	8,141	8,188	8,202	7,781	7,955	7,971	7,993	22
Construction of buildings	1,789.3	1,829.0	1,835.3	1,833.5	1,752.5	1,796.9	1,796.1	1,800.3	4.2
Residential building construction	942.6	947.1	942.2	940.4	924.5	929.5	922.2	924.6	2.4
Nonresidential building construction	846.7	881.9	893.1	893.1	828.0	867.4	873.9	875.7	1.8
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,125.5	1,161.0	1,170.4	1,179.7	1,075.4	1,115.9	1,120.7	1,127.8	7.1
Specialty trade contractors	5,077.6	5,150.7	5,182.7	5,189.2	4,952.9	5,041.9	5,053.7	5,064.8	11.1
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,360.9	2,400.2	2,415.2	2,402.9	2,309.0	2,345.7	2,352.3	2,351.3	-1.0
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,716.7	2,750.5	2,767.5	2,786.3	2,643.9	2,696.2	2,701.4	2,713.5	12.1
Manufacturing	12,962	13,058	13,039	13,059	12,891	12,985	12,981	12,997	16
Durable goods	8,050	8,172	8,156	8,178	8,018	8,125	8,136	8,148	12
Wood product manufacturing	432.1	424.6	422.2	425.4	430.3	422.5	420.6	423.7	3.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	429.6	438.0	437.8	438.2	423.1	431.4	432.3	432.5	0.2
Primary metal manufacturing	363.7	370.5	371.9	370.4	364.2	370.2	371.6	370.7	-0.9
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,439.5	1,461.2	1,457.6	1,457.4	1,437.2	1,453.2	1,450.8	1,455.4	4.6
Machinery manufacturing	1,112.8	1,140.6	1,139.8	1,138.7	1,108.7	1,130.5	1,131.5	1,135.1	3.6
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,100.7	1,110.6	1,113.6	1,109.5	1,095.5	1,104.2	1,106.0	1,104.1	-1.9
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	164.7	169.1	169.3	168.3	164.1	168.3	168.3	167.8	-0.5
Communications equipment manufacturing	85.2	86.4	86.6	85.6	85.2	85.3	85.6	85.5	-0.1
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	394.2	390.7	390.5	388.7	391.9	388.2	387.0	386.5	-0.5
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	423.9	430.7	433.2	433.5	422.3	429.2	431.6	431.4	-0.2
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	32.7	33.7	34.0	33.4	32.0	33.2	33.5	32.9	-0.6
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	405.3	405.7	407.5	409.3	405.0	402.7	405.2	408.9	3.7
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,749.9	1,822.8	1,808.3	1,835.7	1,742.3	1,817.7	1,826.5	1,827.1	0.6
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,030.8	1,068.9	1,051.2	1,078.8	1,025.2	1,070.6	1,073.0	1,072.9	-0.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	380.0	365.1	361.9	358.4	380.2	362.7	360.5	358.9	-1.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing	635.9	632.8	635.2	635.3	631.7	629.9	631.3	631.8	0.5
Nondurable goods	4,912	4,886	4,883	4,881	4,873	4,860	4,845	4,849	4
Food manufacturing	1,724.1	1,721.8	1,728.1	1,731.2	1,700.6	1,718.8	1,713.3	1,715.3	2.0
Textile mills	98.8	94.5	94.2	93.2	98.4	93.7	93.8	92.8	-1.0
Textile product mills	103.1	99.5	99.1	99.2	103.3	99.6	99.0	99.7	0.7
Apparel manufacturing	93.6	93.3	91.0	91.1	93.4	92.3	91.0	91.2	0.2
Paper manufacturing	360.5	350.8	349.3	348.8	361.1	350.4	349.8	349.4	-0.4
Printing and related support activities	383.9	377.1	376.8	376.2	383.1	376.3	376.1	375.8	-0.3
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	106.7	109.2	108.5	108.5	104.4	106.6	105.4	106.2	0.8
Chemical manufacturing	913.9	922.7	919.7	921.9	911.7	918.2	914.8	919.6	4.8
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	762.9	748.7	745.3	740.4	762.3	744.2	741.9	738.2	-3.7
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	364.5	368.7	371.1	370.6	354.8	359.7	359.9	360.8	0.9
Private service-providing	110,297	112,504	112,600	112,588	109,818	111,845	111,986	112,129	143
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,640	28,816	28,786	28,737	28,777	28,850	28,868	28,848	-20
Wholesale trade	6,014.6	6,080.3	6,101.8	6,090.4	5,995.5	6,047.4	6,065.4	6,070.1	4.7
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,315.2	3,355.7	3,368.6	3,363.4	3,306.4	3,339.7	3,350.3	3,354.0	3.7
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,176.3	2,200.6	2,204.7	2,195.0	2,167.7	2,184.4	2,188.3	2,186.4	-1.9
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	523.1	524.0	528.5	532.0	521.4	523.3	526.8	529.7	2.9
Retail trade	15,487.3	15,537.8	15,551.4	15,530.9	15,513.4	15,525.4	15,538.6	15,544.9	6.3
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,025.9	2,049.8	2,051.0	2,054.6	2,012.8	2,034.7	2,038.6	2,041.5	2.9
Automobile dealers	1,259.0	1,261.7	1,260.5	1,265.4	1,253.5	1,257.1	1,258.3	1,260.2	1.9
Other motor vehicle dealers	182.2	186.4	185.7	183.3	175.6	177.2	177.1	176.9	-0.2
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	584.7	601.7	604.8	605.9	583.6	600.4	603.2	604.4	1.2
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,425.0	1,427.9	1,405.1	1,375.3	1,417.6	1,365.7	1,369.2	1,369.0	-0.2
Food and beverage retailers	3,223.1	3,250.6	3,266.0	3,256.8	3,210.2	3,240.7	3,246.3	3,246.9	0.6
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	895.9	845.7	837.8	835.6	906.6	853.3	848.0	843.2	-4.8
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	450.1	433.7	428.9	429.4	455.5	437.9	435.8	435.0	-0.8
Electronics and appliance retailers	445.8	412.0	408.9	406.2	455.3	418.3	415.9	412.3	-3.6
General merchandise retailers	3,076.5	3,128.8	3,139.7	3,147.2	3,139.2	3,185.9	3,186.9	3,191.9	5.0
Department stores	934.0	931.7	931.6	937.3	960.6	963.7	959.1	959.4	0.3
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,142.5	2,197.1	2,208.1	2,209.9	2,178.7	2,222.2	2,227.8	2,232.5	4.7
Health and personal care retailers	1,092.1	1,096.5	1,090.3	1,085.9	1,102.4	1,105.1	1,103.8	1,098.4	-5.4
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,056.0	1,080.5	1,087.0	1,089.8	1,042.0	1,071.1	1,074.0	1,075.0	1.0
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,147.8	1,120.8	1,131.3	1,145.2	1,146.0	1,134.8	1,137.9	1,144.1	6.2
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,545.0	1,537.2	1,543.2	1,540.5	1,536.6	1,534.1	1,533.9	1,534.9	1.0
Transportation and warehousing	6,580.8	6,638.1	6,573.6	6,556.2	6,712.1	6,719.5	6,709.5	6,675.3	-34.2
Air transportation	514.5	546.2	548.4	550.8	511.0	540.9	543.8	547.2	3.4
Rail transportation	146.8	150.5	150.5	150.5	146.5	150.2	150.3	150.2	-0.1
Water transportation	67.7	71.8	71.2	71.3	65.6	68.7	67.5	68.8	1.3
Truck transportation	1,617.9	1,619.8	1,619.9	1,584.2	1,600.0	1,607.8	1,604.3	1,567.6	-36.7
Transit and ground passenger transportation	358.8	425.0	378.4	382.7	416.6	436.8	435.9	441.4	5.5
Pipeline transportation	48.7	47.9	47.8	47.4	48.6	47.5	47.4	47.4	0.0
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	38.7	41.4	44.5	44.4	31.9	36.2	36.9	37.5	0.6
Support activities for transportation	798.4	807.5	811.8	815.4	796.6	814.1	815.5	815.7	0.2
Couriers and messengers	1,068.6	1,060.0	1,042.3	1,042.7	1,144.7	1,114.2	1,109.3	1,100.3	-9.0
Warehousing and storage	1,920.7	1,868.0	1,858.8	1,866.8	1,950.6	1,903.1	1,898.6	1,899.2	0.6
Utilities	556.8	560.2	559.1	559.2	555.5	557.5	554.8	557.3	2.5
Information	3,126	3,102	3,088	3,066	3,110	3,081	3,066	3,051	-15
Motion picture and sound recording industries	475.5	475.4	468.4	449.7	461.9	463.6	454.4	437.6	-16.8
Publishing industries	954.7	940.1	933.6	937.0	951.5	933.6	929.3	933.4	4.1
Broadcasting and content providers	358.3	352.5	351.3	348.2	358.1	351.8	352.4	348.8	-3.6
Telecommunications	666.6	648.8	644.6	636.9	667.3	647.1	641.3	637.7	-3.6
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	474.6	494.5	498.1	503.4	477.1	494.5	498.7	504.5	5.8
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	196.4	190.7	191.8	191.1	194.5	190.7	190.1	189.2	-0.9
Financial activities	9,121	9,181	9,223	9,209	9,066	9,137	9,154	9,158	4
Finance and insurance	6,703.7	6,731.0	6,753.0	6,747.6	6,686.4	6,717.1	6,724.8	6,728.2	3.4
Monetary authorities-central bank	21.6	22.2	22.4	22.1	21.4	22.1	22.0	22.0	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,696.6	2,675.2	2,675.8	2,668.3	2,688.5	2,668.0	2,666.4	2,660.7	-5.7
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,771.9	1,790.8	1,792.6	1,786.7	1,765.9	1,785.2	1,784.3	1,782.0	-2.3
Commercial banking	1,372.3	1,379.4	1,379.2	1,375.0	1,367.3	1,375.1	1,372.5	1,371.0	-1.5
Nondepository credit intermediation	595.8	570.8	571.2	566.7	594.0	569.3	569.0	564.7	-4.3
Activities related to credit intermediation	328.9	313.6	312.0	314.9	328.6	313.5	313.1	314.0	0.9
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,066.7	1,090.6	1,099.2	1,097.1	1,057.4	1,085.9	1,085.5	1,087.0	1.5
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,918.8	2,943.0	2,955.6	2,960.1	2,919.1	2,941.1	2,950.9	2,958.5	7.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,417.4	2,449.7	2,470.4	2,461.3	2,379.9	2,419.8	2,428.8	2,429.3	0.5
Real estate	1,837.9	1,857.3	1,869.1	1,862.8	1,819.3	1,845.9	1,849.2	1,850.2	1.0
Rental and leasing services	556.7	569.7	578.6	575.6	538.2	551.6	557.2	556.5	-0.7
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.8	22.7	22.7	22.9	22.4	22.3	22.4	22.6	0.2
Professional and business services	22,795	23,070	23,056	23,096	22,707	23,016	22,996	23,015	19
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,595.9	10,889.3	10,954.6	10,935.8	10,595.3	10,895.9	10,915.2	10,935.8	20.6
Legal services	1,177.3	1,194.9	1,192.3	1,174.2	1,176.6	1,182.1	1,179.9	1,175.7	-4.2
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,073.5	1,125.2	1,130.1	1,118.5	1,123.5	1,163.1	1,164.0	1,166.7	2.7
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,642.9	1,703.9	1,709.5	1,709.7	1,622.7	1,684.0	1,684.8	1,688.8	4.0
Specialized design services	154.3	161.2	160.4	160.5	153.8	159.9	159.9	160.1	0.2
Computer systems design and related services	2,478.3	2,501.5	2,525.0	2,537.1	2,468.8	2,509.4	2,516.8	2,527.2	10.4
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,805.9	1,874.9	1,888.1	1,884.3	1,802.9	1,880.0	1,884.4	1,883.7	-0.7
Scientific research and development services	911.7	945.2	954.0	957.3	902.9	936.3	938.5	946.4	7.9
Advertising, public relations, and related services	496.3	498.3	500.2	503.7	494.6	497.3	498.0	500.9	2.9
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	855.7	884.2	895.0	890.5	849.6	883.8	888.9	886.3	-2.6
Management of companies and enterprises	2,506.9	2,533.4	2,537.3	2,531.7	2,496.5	2,519.3	2,519.8	2,521.7	1.9
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,692.4	9,647.2	9,564.3	9,628.8	9,615.3	9,600.8	9,561.0	9,557.3	-3.7
Administrative and support services	9,206.1	9,148.4	9,063.2	9,124.1	9,133.7	9,104.7	9,064.3	9,058.3	-6.0
Office administrative services	606.7	623.2	623.2	622.9	600.0	619.1	618.2	618.5	0.3
Facilities support services	158.3	163.5	165.8	166.2	157.0	164.8	164.3	164.4	0.1
Employment services(1)	3,865.4	3,701.0	3,620.1	3,678.2	3,906.4	3,771.1	3,737.5	3,722.5	-15.0
Temporary help services	3,083.8	2,926.3	2,855.3	2,895.0	3,120.0	2,978.3	2,954.4	2,935.5	-18.9
Business support services	782.2	750.0	745.1	743.1	793.8	759.1	757.3	753.5	-3.8
Travel arrangement and reservation services	174.5	184.9	186.0	186.7	171.5	181.6	183.2	184.0	0.8
Investigation and security services	962.6	985.6	979.4	988.9	960.3	986.5	981.7	986.8	5.1
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,313.8	2,396.0	2,399.8	2,392.4	2,207.2	2,279.6	2,280.7	2,287.4	6.7
Other support services	342.6	344.2	343.8	345.7	337.4	342.9	341.4	341.2	-0.2
Waste management and remediation services	486.3	498.8	501.1	504.7	481.6	496.1	496.7	499.0	2.3
Private education and health services	24,222	25,102	25,114	25,238	24,496	25,316	25,418	25,520	102
Private educational services	3,574.3	3,729.6	3,643.0	3,668.5	3,827.3	3,932.4	3,934.5	3,939.2	4.7
Health care and social assistance	20,647.9	21,372.3	21,471.4	21,569.3	20,668.8	21,383.9	21,483.5	21,580.8	97.3
Health care(3)	16,377.9	16,858.2	16,949.8	17,020.5	16,378.6	16,870.4	16,943.4	17,014.3	70.9
Ambulatory health care services	8,152.0	8,389.4	8,434.0	8,473.4	8,164.5	8,404.9	8,442.7	8,482.6	39.9
Offices of physicians	2,813.8	2,889.3	2,906.8	2,917.1	2,818.8	2,896.9	2,906.4	2,920.5	14.1
Offices of dentists	1,025.1	1,037.7	1,042.5	1,040.7	1,023.7	1,034.6	1,042.2	1,039.7	-2.5
Offices of other health practitioners	1,094.0	1,132.2	1,137.3	1,147.5	1,094.3	1,136.1	1,138.4	1,146.5	8.1
Outpatient care centers	1,040.2	1,055.3	1,060.6	1,066.3	1,041.6	1,059.8	1,062.4	1,067.4	5.0
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	322.0	324.0	324.8	326.3	322.1	324.2	325.0	326.2	1.2
Home health care services	1,534.5	1,616.0	1,625.0	1,635.2	1,539.9	1,616.2	1,629.0	1,640.2	11.2
Other ambulatory health care services	322.4	334.9	337.0	340.3	324.1	337.1	339.3	342.1	2.8
Hospitals	5,187.1	5,312.0	5,332.7	5,349.8	5,183.2	5,314.6	5,330.7	5,345.2	14.5
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,038.8	3,156.8	3,183.1	3,197.3	3,030.9	3,150.9	3,170.0	3,186.5	16.5
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,361.7	1,416.3	1,425.8	1,432.8	1,359.7	1,413.4	1,419.4	1,428.3	8.9
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	615.0	634.9	639.4	640.7	613.5	634.0	636.9	638.8	1.9
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	908.5	948.3	960.7	965.5	904.7	946.8	957.1	961.9	4.8
Other residential care facilities	153.6	157.3	157.2	158.3	153.1	156.7	156.6	157.5	0.9
Social assistance	4,270.0	4,514.1	4,521.6	4,548.8	4,290.2	4,513.5	4,540.1	4,566.5	26.4
Individual and family services	2,849.3	3,019.6	3,045.7	3,057.2	2,850.7	3,014.3	3,035.8	3,056.3	20.5
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	203.2	217.9	217.9	218.7	204.7	218.0	218.8	220.0	1.2
Vocational rehabilitation services	272.4	283.9	283.1	284.0	268.8	280.5	279.5	280.9	1.4
Child care services	945.1	992.7	974.9	988.9	965.9	1,000.7	1,006.0	1,009.3	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	16,614	17,294	17,392	17,312	15,935	16,583	16,615	16,655	40
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,585.6	2,750.5	2,793.4	2,738.3	2,310.6	2,454.7	2,457.8	2,474.5	16.7
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	532.8	572.3	565.6	569.0	506.9	535.4	533.9	538.8	4.9
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	172.6	184.6	187.5	185.5	161.2	172.1	171.8	174.0	2.2
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,880.2	1,993.6	2,040.3	1,983.8	1,642.5	1,747.2	1,752.1	1,761.7	9.6
Accommodation and food services	14,028.3	14,543.0	14,598.6	14,574.0	13,624.0	14,128.4	14,157.4	14,180.9	23.5
Accommodation	1,916.5	1,973.0	2,012.9	1,990.5	1,792.1	1,860.4	1,865.8	1,874.4	8.6
Food services and drinking places	12,111.8	12,570.0	12,585.7	12,583.5	11,831.9	12,268.0	12,291.6	12,306.5	14.9
Other services	5,779	5,939	5,941	5,930	5,727	5,862	5,869	5,882	13
Repair and maintenance	1,406.3	1,460.1	1,463.3	1,461.5	1,398.5	1,447.0	1,451.9	1,453.6	1.7
Personal and laundry services	1,500.9	1,557.6	1,545.0	1,548.0	1,494.6	1,535.4	1,536.6	1,543.1	6.5
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,872.0	2,921.6	2,933.1	2,920.8	2,834.0	2,879.5	2,880.7	2,885.7	5.0
Government	21,415	22,554	21,555	21,803	22,231	22,648	22,650	22,658	8
Federal	2,867	2,930	2,944	2,948	2,865	2,925	2,931	2,941	10
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,274.6	2,326.2	2,338.8	2,345.5	2,264.4	2,316.6	2,325.4	2,332.0	6.6
U.S. Postal Service	592.8	603.7	605.3	602.4	600.4	608.5	605.7	608.5	2.8
State government	4,865	4,996	4,918	4,977	5,109	5,231	5,226	5,226	0
State government education	2,194.5	2,276.0	2,193.1	2,246.4	2,451.7	2,529.1	2,517.1	2,512.2	-4.9
State government, excluding education	2,670.7	2,719.7	2,725.2	2,730.5	2,657.0	2,702.3	2,708.4	2,713.6	5.2
Local government	13,683	14,628	13,693	13,878	14,257	14,492	14,493	14,491	-2
Local government education	7,070.6	7,845.8	6,842.5	7,071.7	7,827.3	7,895.7	7,877.4	7,867.2	-10.2
Local government, excluding education	6,612.4	6,782.2	6,850.4	6,806.6	6,430.0	6,596.4	6,615.1	6,624.0	8.9
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.5	34.4	34.3	34.4
Goods-producing	39.9	39.8	39.8	39.9
Mining and logging	46.2	45.5	44.6	45.3
Construction	38.7	38.9	38.9	39.1
Manufacturing	40.3	40.1	40.1	40.1
Durable goods	40.7	40.7	40.7	40.7
Nondurable goods	39.8	39.1	39.1	39.1
Private service-providing	33.5	33.3	33.3	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	33.9	33.9	34.0
Wholesale trade	38.9	38.8	38.7	38.9
Retail trade	30.1	29.9	29.9	30.0
Transportation and warehousing	38.5	38.1	38.2	38.1
Utilities	41.9	42.3	42.3	42.3
Information	36.5	36.3	36.2	36.2
Financial activities	37.5	37.4	37.5	37.4
Professional and business services	36.6	36.5	36.5	36.5
Private education and health services	33.4	33.4	33.3	33.4
Leisure and hospitality	25.6	25.3	25.2	25.2
Other services	32.2	32.3	32.3	32.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.2	3.0	3.1	3.0
Durable goods	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods	3.1	2.8	2.8	2.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
Total private	$32.43	$33.60	$33.74	$33.82	$1,118.84	$1,155.84	$1,157.28	$1,163.41
Goods-producing	32.59	34.03	34.25	34.27	1,300.34	1,354.39	1,363.15	1,367.37
Mining and logging	36.22	37.98	38.02	37.85	1,673.36	1,728.09	1,695.69	1,714.61
Construction	34.91	36.35	36.67	36.71	1,351.02	1,414.02	1,426.46	1,435.36
Manufacturing	31.06	32.43	32.61	32.61	1,251.72	1,300.44	1,307.66	1,307.66
Durable goods	32.64	33.93	34.13	34.08	1,328.45	1,380.95	1,389.09	1,387.06
Nondurable goods	28.40	29.83	29.94	30.04	1,130.32	1,166.35	1,170.65	1,174.56
Private service-providing	32.40	33.50	33.62	33.72	1,085.40	1,115.55	1,119.55	1,122.88
Trade, transportation, and utilities	27.81	29.00	29.05	29.17	948.32	983.10	984.80	991.78
Wholesale trade	35.24	36.89	36.91	37.05	1,370.84	1,431.33	1,428.42	1,441.25
Retail trade	23.05	23.89	23.92	24.01	693.81	714.31	715.21	720.30
Transportation and warehousing	27.92	29.12	29.23	29.37	1,074.92	1,109.47	1,116.59	1,119.00
Utilities	47.43	49.91	50.15	50.03	1,987.32	2,111.19	2,121.35	2,116.27
Information	47.35	48.03	48.14	48.21	1,728.28	1,743.49	1,742.67	1,745.20
Financial activities	41.79	43.33	43.64	44.11	1,567.13	1,620.54	1,636.50	1,649.71
Professional and business services	38.92	40.36	40.57	40.54	1,424.47	1,473.14	1,480.81	1,479.71
Private education and health services	32.13	32.92	33.03	33.12	1,073.14	1,099.53	1,099.90	1,106.21
Leisure and hospitality	20.29	21.21	21.25	21.30	519.42	536.61	535.50	536.76
Other services	28.91	29.77	29.80	29.96	930.90	961.57	962.54	967.71
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Percent change from: July 2023 - Aug. 2023(p)	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Percent change from: July 2023 - Aug. 2023(p)
Total private	113.5	115.2	115.0	115.5	0.4	176.0	185.1	185.5	186.8	0.7
Goods-producing	96.7	97.9	97.9	98.3	0.4	142.5	150.5	151.6	152.3	0.5
Mining and logging	88.7	91.8	90.3	91.4	1.2	129.0	140.0	137.8	138.9	0.8
Construction	103.8	106.7	106.9	107.7	0.7	157.4	168.5	170.3	171.8	0.9
Manufacturing	93.5	93.7	93.6	93.8	0.2	135.0	141.3	142.0	142.2	0.1
Durable goods	91.9	93.1	93.2	93.4	0.2	133.2	140.3	141.3	141.3	0.0
Nondurable goods	96.8	94.8	94.6	94.6	0.0	139.5	143.6	143.7	144.3	0.4
Private service-providing	118.4	119.9	120.1	120.2	0.1	186.5	195.2	196.2	197.0	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.2	106.9	106.9	107.2	0.3	160.8	167.1	167.5	168.6	0.7
Wholesale trade	102.9	103.5	103.5	104.2	0.7	151.7	159.7	159.9	161.4	0.9
Retail trade	95.0	94.5	94.6	94.9	0.3	144.9	149.2	149.6	150.7	0.7
Transportation and warehousing	148.5	147.1	147.3	146.1	-0.8	210.9	217.9	219.0	218.3	-0.3
Utilities	100.7	102.0	101.5	102.0	0.5	157.8	168.2	168.2	168.6	0.2
Information	103.7	102.2	101.4	100.9	-0.5	174.8	174.7	173.8	173.2	-0.3
Financial activities	111.4	111.9	112.5	112.2	-0.3	181.5	189.2	191.4	193.0	0.8
Professional and business services	130.0	131.4	131.3	131.4	0.1	205.0	214.9	215.8	215.8	0.0
Private education and health services	133.6	138.1	138.2	139.2	0.7	206.5	218.7	219.6	221.8	1.0
Leisure and hospitality	116.4	119.7	119.5	119.8	0.3	190.5	204.8	204.8	205.8	0.5
Other services	106.3	109.2	109.3	109.5	0.2	168.5	178.1	178.5	179.9	0.8
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
Total nonfarm	76,334	77,739	77,844	77,988	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.9
Total private	63,398	64,524	64,630	64,771	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,907	4,996	5,003	5,001	23.1	23.1	23.2	23.1
Mining and logging	78	83	83	82	12.8	12.9	12.9	12.8
Construction	1,093	1,128	1,137	1,138	14.0	14.2	14.3	14.2
Manufacturing	3,736	3,785	3,783	3,781	29.0	29.1	29.1	29.1
Durable goods	1,988	2,027	2,029	2,032	24.8	24.9	24.9	24.9
Nondurable goods	1,748	1,758	1,754	1,749	35.9	36.2	36.2	36.1
Private service-providing	58,491	59,528	59,627	59,770	53.3	53.2	53.2	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,352	11,340	11,327	11,344	39.4	39.3	39.2	39.3
Wholesale trade	1,833.9	1,865.8	1,864.5	1,883.8	30.6	30.9	30.7	31.0
Retail trade	7,550.0	7,513.3	7,509.3	7,513.0	48.7	48.4	48.3	48.3
Transportation and warehousing	1,826.5	1,814.5	1,807.6	1,799.6	27.2	27.0	26.9	27.0
Utilities	141.4	146.2	145.2	147.8	25.5	26.2	26.2	26.5
Information	1,248	1,249	1,247	1,250	40.1	40.5	40.7	41.0
Financial activities	5,056	5,083	5,087	5,086	55.8	55.6	55.6	55.5
Professional and business services	10,471	10,575	10,572	10,578	46.1	45.9	46.0	46.0
Private education and health services	18,870	19,453	19,529	19,607	77.0	76.8	76.8	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	8,436	8,683	8,723	8,761	52.9	52.4	52.5	52.6
Other services	3,058	3,145	3,142	3,144	53.4	53.7	53.5	53.5
Government	12,936	13,215	13,214	13,217	58.2	58.3	58.3	58.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
Total private	106,813	108,581	108,744	108,804
Goods-producing	15,274	15,464	15,468	15,487
Mining and logging	461	491	495	495
Construction	5,757	5,844	5,851	5,866
Manufacturing	9,056	9,129	9,122	9,126
Durable goods	5,560	5,628	5,632	5,635
Nondurable goods	3,496	3,501	3,490	3,491
Private service-providing	91,539	93,117	93,276	93,317
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,256	24,318	24,326	24,310
Wholesale trade	4,762.8	4,779.5	4,798.7	4,794.9
Retail trade	13,198.2	13,229.3	13,231.3	13,228.4
Transportation and warehousing	5,850.5	5,866.4	5,856.0	5,844.9
Utilities	444.3	443.0	439.6	442.2
Information	2,462	2,463	2,455	2,429
Financial activities	6,824	6,861	6,865	6,857
Professional and business services	18,183	18,222	18,205	18,190
Private education and health services	21,284	22,024	22,105	22,186
Leisure and hospitality	13,869	14,465	14,538	14,542
Other services	4,661	4,764	4,782	4,803
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.0	33.8	33.7	33.8
Goods-producing	40.6	40.5	40.5	40.6
Mining and logging	47.3	47.5	47.2	47.7
Construction	39.5	39.6	39.5	39.7
Manufacturing	41.0	40.8	40.8	40.8
Durable goods	41.3	41.2	41.1	41.2
Nondurable goods	40.4	40.1	40.2	40.3
Private service-providing	32.9	32.7	32.6	32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.0	33.9	33.9	33.9
Wholesale trade	39.0	38.8	38.7	38.9
Retail trade	30.2	30.3	30.3	30.3
Transportation and warehousing	37.9	37.5	37.6	37.4
Utilities	42.4	42.3	43.0	42.4
Information	36.3	35.7	35.8	35.7
Financial activities	37.3	37.1	36.9	36.9
Professional and business services	36.3	36.3	36.2	36.4
Private education and health services	32.6	32.5	32.5	32.5
Leisure and hospitality	24.5	24.1	24.0	23.9
Other services	31.1	31.3	31.2	31.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7
Durable goods	4.1	3.9	3.9	3.8
Nondurable goods	3.7	3.4	3.5	3.5
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)
Total private	$27.75	$28.82	$28.94	$29.00	$943.50	$974.12	$975.28	$980.20
Goods-producing	28.14	29.52	29.63	29.74	1,142.48	1,195.56	1,200.02	1,207.44
Mining and logging	32.96	34.50	34.17	33.65	1,559.01	1,638.75	1,612.82	1,605.11
Construction	32.55	34.04	34.23	34.40	1,285.73	1,347.98	1,352.09	1,365.68
Manufacturing	25.15	26.40	26.49	26.59	1,031.15	1,077.12	1,080.79	1,084.87
Durable goods	26.29	27.55	27.64	27.71	1,085.78	1,135.06	1,136.00	1,141.65
Nondurable goods	23.28	24.49	24.61	24.74	940.51	982.05	989.32	997.02
Private service-providing	27.67	28.68	28.80	28.85	910.34	937.84	938.88	940.51
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24.17	25.19	25.30	25.40	821.78	853.94	857.67	861.06
Wholesale trade	29.39	30.49	30.53	30.77	1,146.21	1,183.01	1,181.51	1,196.95
Retail trade	19.77	20.47	20.52	20.59	597.05	620.24	621.76	623.88
Transportation and warehousing	26.18	27.72	27.92	27.99	992.22	1,039.50	1,049.79	1,046.83
Utilities	42.30	44.16	44.71	44.69	1,793.52	1,867.97	1,922.53	1,894.86
Information	38.22	39.36	39.47	39.53	1,387.39	1,405.15	1,413.03	1,411.22
Financial activities	32.48	33.76	33.90	33.99	1,211.50	1,252.50	1,250.91	1,254.23
Professional and business services	32.67	34.11	34.27	34.37	1,185.92	1,238.19	1,240.57	1,251.07
Private education and health services	29.25	30.03	30.17	30.10	953.55	975.98	980.53	978.25
Leisure and hospitality	18.00	18.78	18.83	18.85	441.00	452.60	451.92	450.52
Other services	25.01	25.61	25.73	25.81	777.81	801.59	802.78	807.85
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Percent change from: July 2023 - Aug. 2023(p)	Aug. 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Aug. 2023(p)	Percent change from: July 2023 - Aug. 2023(p)
Total private	121.0	122.3	122.1	122.5	0.3	224.5	235.6	236.2	237.5	0.6
Goods-producing	94.8	95.7	95.7	96.1	0.4	163.3	173.0	173.7	175.0	0.7
Mining and logging	115.9	123.9	124.2	125.5	1.0	222.1	248.7	246.7	245.6	-0.4
Construction	113.9	115.9	115.7	116.6	0.8	200.1	213.0	213.9	216.6	1.3
Manufacturing	85.2	85.5	85.4	85.5	0.1	140.2	147.6	148.0	148.6	0.4
Durable goods	86.3	87.1	87.0	87.2	0.2	141.6	149.8	150.1	150.9	0.5
Nondurable goods	83.2	82.7	82.7	82.9	0.2	136.9	143.1	143.8	144.9	0.8
Private service-providing	128.3	129.7	129.6	129.6	0.0	243.5	255.2	255.9	256.5	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.4	115.4	115.4	115.4	0.0	199.4	207.7	208.7	209.4	0.3
Wholesale trade	110.2	110.1	110.2	110.7	0.5	191.2	198.1	198.6	201.0	1.2
Retail trade	101.1	101.6	101.6	101.6	0.0	171.3	178.4	178.8	179.4	0.3
Transportation and warehousing	167.8	166.5	166.6	165.4	-0.7	279.6	293.8	296.1	294.7	-0.5
Utilities	96.3	95.8	96.7	95.9	-0.8	170.1	176.6	180.4	178.9	-0.8
Information	102.0	100.4	100.3	99.0	-1.3	193.0	195.6	196.0	193.7	-1.2
Financial activities	119.8	119.8	119.2	119.1	-0.1	239.4	248.8	248.7	249.0	0.1
Professional and business services	147.3	147.7	147.1	147.8	0.5	286.3	299.6	299.9	302.2	0.8
Private education and health services	147.9	152.6	153.2	153.7	0.3	285.6	302.5	305.0	305.4	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	124.5	127.7	127.8	127.3	-0.4	254.4	272.3	273.3	272.5	-0.3
Other services	101.7	104.6	104.6	105.4	0.8	185.3	195.1	196.2	198.3	1.1
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.